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                <text> Horace Mann, Jr. (1844-1868), a student at Frank Sanborn’s school in Concord, was a son of Horace and Mary Peabody Mann.  Young Mann was a proficient naturalist who consulted with Thoreau about animal and bird identification.  When Thoreau traveled to Minnesota in 1861 in an attempt to improve his failing health, Mann accompanied him.&#13;
&#13;
   In 1866, Emerson initiated a subscription to fund Mann’s preparation of a herbarium for the Concord Town Library.  Subscribers included Emerson himself, George Keyes, John Shepard Keyes, Frederic Hudson, E.R. Hoar, William Munroe, Albert Stacy, Frank Sanborn, William Emerson, George P. Bradford, A.B. Warren, and George Brooks.</text>
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                <text>Emerson wrote this letter from Milton—where his married daughter Edith lived—on January 1, 1866, asking Town Library Committee chairman E.R. Hoar if it might be possible to delay the upcoming Library Committee meeting by a day.&#13;
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                <text>Judge Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar (1816-1895)—known familiarly as Rockwood—was a good friend to Emerson and his fellow member in the Social Circle in Concord and the Saturday Club in Boston.&#13;
&#13;
   Like his distinguished father Sam Hoar, Rockwood was a lawyer, a key member of the Middlesex Bar, an active citizen of Concord, and a public servant at the state and national levels.  A cultivated and sociable man with a good sense of humor, he was as comfortable among members of the Saturday Club as he was in a court of law.&#13;
&#13;
   Rockwood graduated from Harvard in 1835, began the study of law in his father’s office, and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1839.  A Whig, Free Soiler, and Republican, he entered politics in 1840 as a delegate to the Whig Young Men’s Convention for Middlesex County and a supporter of Whig candidate William Henry Harrison.&#13;
&#13;
   In 1840, Hoar married Caroline Downes Brooks, daughter of Concord lawyer Nathan Brooks.  In 1845, he built an impressive Greek Revival house on Main Street (now 194 Main), near his parents’ home.  Rockwood and Caroline Hoar had seven children.&#13;
&#13;
   Hoar was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas from 1849 until 1855, a justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court from 1859 until 1869, United States Attorney General in the cabinet of President Grant from 1869 until 1870, and a representative in the United States Congress from 1873 until 1875.&#13;
&#13;
   He was also a proponent of abolition.  In 1859, when United States Marshal’s deputies attempted to arrest Frank Sanborn in Concord for his complicity in John Brown’s raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, Hoar issued the writ of habeas corpus that prevented them from doing so.&#13;
&#13;
   A civic leader in Concord, Hoar no doubt encouraged Emerson’s participation in municipal affairs.  He served on the School Committee, chaired the Concord Town Library Committee and the Concord Free Public Library Corporation, and was a member of the Committee on General Invitations for the town’s 1875 celebration of the centennial of the Concord Fight.  (Hoar hosted distinguished guest Ulysses S. Grant at his Main Street home when the president and his cabinet came to town for the celebration.)  In 1894, the year in which Patriots’ Day became a Massachusetts holiday, he delivered the April 19th address at the First Parish in Concord.&#13;
&#13;
   Hoar traveled to Europe once, in 1847.  Emerson wrote him a letter of introduction to British author, journalist, social reformer, and abolitionist Harriet Martineau.</text>
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                <text> Emerson affirmed his desire to become a member of the First Parish in Concord in this letter of April 30, 1865, to John Brown, Jr.  Brown was a member of the church’s Standing Committee and, from 1873 until 1899, a deacon.&#13;
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   This document provides a dramatic counterpoint to Henry Thoreau’s well-known 1841 sign-off from membership in the First Parish.</text>
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                <text>  Membership in agricultural societies was one indication of a 19th century farmer’s openness to new trends.  Concord farmers had a choice of two local organizations, the Middlesex Agricultural Society and the much smaller, more local Concord Farmer’s Club.  Although its membership included many working farmers, the activities of the Middlesex Agricultural Society drew a number of Concord residents for whom farming was more recreational than vocational.&#13;
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                <text>Transactions of the Middlesex Agricultural Society,  for the Year 1858 </text>
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                <text>All materials courtesy of the William Munroe Special Collections at the Concord Free Public Library</text>
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                <text>Emerson delivered the address at the dedication of Sleepy Hollow Cemetery on September 29, 1855.  Today, Sleepy Hollow is a tourist destination for thousands of pilgrims to Concord, including many who come specifically to see Emerson’s final resting place. &#13;
&#13;
   Laid out on land purchased from the estate of Deacon Reuben Brown, Sleepy Hollow was named, according to George Bradford Bartlett in his 1880 Concord Guide Book, for the natural “amphitheatre” that “had borne the name of Sleepy Hollow long before it was thought of as a burial place.”  The choice of name may or may not also have reflected local familiarity with Washington Irving’s “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.”  In his dedication address, Emerson remarked upon Sleepy Hollow’s “seclusion from the village in its immediate neighborhood,” which had long made the area “an easy retreat on a Sabbath day, or a summer twilight.”&#13;
&#13;
   The plans for the cemetery were drawn up by landscape architects Horace William Shaler Cleveland and Robert Morris Copeland.  In their design, Cleveland and Copeland avoided the imposition of a geometric grid of lots over the terrain, preferring instead to place lots on paths and drives that followed the natural outlines of the land, and respecting native trees and plants. Cleveland’s sense of landscape design was informed by Emerson’s approach to aesthetics.  In his speech at the dedication of Sleepy Hollow, Emerson extolled the natural landscape as the proper focus of the landscape architect: “Modern taste has shown that there is no ornament, no architecture alone, so sumptuous as well disposed woods and waters, where art has been employed only to remove superfluities, and bring out the natural advantages.”</text>
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                <text> Proprietary libraries—libraries owned jointly and used by shareholders—served the reading needs of many New England towns before the public library movement gathered momentum in the 19th century.  The Concord Social Library was established in 1821, absorbing the collection of the earlier Charitable Library Society.  In 1851, the Social Library transferred its collection to the Concord Town Library, the town’s first public library.&#13;
&#13;
   Emerson was connected with the succession of libraries in Concord from the 1830s until his death.  He was a member of the Standing Committee of the Social Library, and served one term as its president.  Bookseller and stationer John Stacy was librarian.  The Social Library was housed in Stacy’s store on the Mill Dam; much of the collection was purchased through Stacy.&#13;
&#13;
   The January 6, 1851 report of the Standing Committee—written in Emerson’s hand—suggests that the Social Library didn’t pander to lowbrow tastes.  Among the books added over the course of the previous year were Humboldt’s Aspects of Nature, Ledyard’s Nineveh and Its Remains, Dickens’s Pickwick Papers, Hawthorne’s Scarlet Letter, and a selection of British and American journals.&#13;
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                <text> Transportation by stagecoach to and from Boston was a regular part of Emerson’s life before the railroad came to Concord.  The ride one way took between two and three hours.  Conversation among passengers provided welcome distraction from the tedium and discomfort of long confinement in close quarters over bumpy, muddy roads.  Edward Emerson wrote of travel by stagecoach during his father’s early residence in Concord: “Lawyers going to court, ministers exchanging with their country brethren, traders going to supply their miscellaneous country-stores, ladies going visiting or to see the sights of the city were there.  Somebody always knew somebody, and thus cheerful conversation was sure to be set agoing.” &#13;
&#13;
   The Boston, Lexington, and Concord Accommodation Stage was operated from 1817 by William Shepherd, keeper of a tavern on Main Street (now 122 Main).  The line carried passengers and made deliveries three days a week.&#13;
&#13;
   The waybill shown here reveals that Emerson shared a coach from Boston to Concord with eight fellow travelers—seven gentlemen and a lady—on April 20, 1839.</text>
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                <text>All materials courtesy of the William Munroe Special Collections at the Concord Free Public Library</text>
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                <text>The Concord Lyceum was formed late in 1828 and early in 1829.  Early programs consisted primarily of debates and lectures, later (post-Civil War) of musical and other entertainments.  The Lyceum met in the old Academy building, the Center schoolhouse, the vestries of the Unitarian and Congregational churches, and, finally, the Town Hall.  Programs were held in the winter season of each year and were at first free to all town residents.  Because the Lyceum in its early years had some difficulty in maintaining solvency, the system of admission by ticket was adopted in 1856. &#13;
&#13;
   The Lyceum offered lectures on a wide range of topics.  Some of its lecturers were local (Emerson and Thoreau, for example); many were from out of town.  Speakers over the years included Jones Very, James Freeman Clarke, Theodore Parker, Frederic Henry Hedge, Orestes Brownson, Louis Agassiz, Henry Ward Beecher, Horace Greeley, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and James T. Fields.  To the discomfort of some in the community, abolitionist Wendell Phillips spoke several times, the first in 1842.&#13;
&#13;
   Emerson attended and delivered Lyceum lectures in Concord, served as an officer (“curator”) of the organization, and persuaded friends and acquaintances to come here to speak.  His son Edward wrote that in addressing audiences of local people, he “never wrote down to them, but felt them entitled to his best thoughts.”&#13;
&#13;
   Lyceum audiences in Concord included a cross-section of the community.  Edward Emerson related a story that highlights the Lyceum’s—and his father’s—broad appeal: “ … Madam Hoar, seeing Ma’am Bemis, a neighbor who came in to work for her, drying her hands and rolling down her sleeves one afternoon somewhat earlier than usual, asked her if she was going so soon: ‘Yes, I’ve got to go now.  I’m going to Mr. Emerson’s lecture.’  ‘Do you understand Mr. Emerson?’  ‘Not a word, but I like to go and see him stand up there and look as if he thought everyone was as good as he was.’ ”&#13;
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