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                <text> In contrast with the more intimate bust sculpted in 1879, Daniel Chester French’s impressive marble statue of Emerson seated is a clear example of the artist’s public work.  Bearing more than a little resemblance to his seated Lincoln in the Lincoln Memorial at Washington, D.C. (unveiled in 1922), the seated Emerson was designed to be viewed from a distance.  It depicts Emerson as the personification of the idealistic philosopher, thoughtful, serene, benevolent.  While French’s earlier bust was sculpted from life, the seated Emerson was carved long after the death of its subject. &#13;
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   The seated Emerson was commissioned by a Concord committee appointed at town meeting in 1896 to erect a memorial statue to Emerson at some suitable public place in town.  The committee was not authorized to spend any town money—all funds had to be raised through private donation.  The fund-raising proceeded slowly.  French didn’t really start work on the piece until after 1910.  The statue was ceremonially unveiled on May 23, 1914, and has dominated what is now the Concord Free Public Library lobby ever since. &#13;
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   Originally placed where the entrance to the circulation area is currently located, the seated Emerson was moved to its present position as a consequence of library expansion and renovation in the 1960s.</text>
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                <text>Photographs as well as works of art form part of the Emerson iconography in the Concord Free Public Library.  These two images of Emerson are drawn from the library’s extensive photographic holdings, which document Emerson’s appearance at various times in his life, his home, his family and friends, and the Concord landscape that he knew.</text>
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                <text>Amelia Forbes Emerson</text>
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                <text>Concord sculptor Daniel Chester French (1850-1931) was born in 1850 in Exeter, New Hampshire.  His father was Henry Flagg French, a lawyer, judge, and, later, Assistant Secretary of the United States Treasury.  The Frenches moved to Cambridge when Dan was six, then to Concord in the 1860s, to a house on Sudbury Road (now 342). &#13;
&#13;
   French’s artistic talent was first noticed by his stepmother, who was impressed by the little figures he carved out of turnips and pieces of wood.  Artist May Alcott (Louisa May’s youngest sister) took an active interest in helping him develop his skills.  She gave him her modeling clay and tools, and advice on how to use them.&#13;
&#13;
   French learned quickly.  He studied with William Morris Hunt and William Rimmer in Boston and worked in the New York studio of John Quincy Adams Ward.  His earliest subjects were his family and friends, who sat for portrait busts.  Concord’s award to French of the commission for the Minute Man statue established him as a public artist.&#13;
&#13;
   When the Minute Man was unveiled at the 1875 centennial celebration of the Concord Fight, French was in Florence.  On his return in 1876, he set up a studio in Washington, resettled in Concord in 1878, and in 1879 built a studio next to his family’s home on Sudbury Road.&#13;
&#13;
   This bust of Emerson was created early in French’s career.  Because Emerson was a  French family friend and had encouraged Dan in his work, there was a warm personal connection between the sculptor and his subject.  French began work on the bust in March of 1879.  He went daily to Bush, where Emerson sat for him, and had the piece done by the end of April. &#13;
&#13;
   The bust was first modeled in clay.  Plaster casts were made from the clay model and, later, two marble carvings.  One of the first plaster casts from the master mold was presented to Emerson on July 26, 1879.  Emerson is reported to have commented on seeing it, “Dan, that’s the face I shave.”&#13;
&#13;
   Within a few years, French had a marble version of the bust carved in Italy.  This first marble carving was given to Harvard in 1883 by the Higginson family.  In 1884, a second marble carving, slightly different from the first, was presented to the Concord Free Public Library by one hundred and thirty-five contributors, including French himself.  By 1886, bronze copies of the Emerson bust were available for sale.  The piece was one of French’s dependable money-makers. &#13;
&#13;
   Later, French described how difficult it had been to see beyond the failings of the elderly Emerson—he was seventy-six when he sat for the piece—and to capture the personality and the intellect of the man.  He referred to Emerson’s “almost child-like mobility that admitted of an infinite variety of expression, and made possible that wonderful ‘lighting-up’ of the face, so often spoken of by those who knew him.  It was the attempt to catch that glorifying expression that made me despair of my bust.  At the time I made it … Mr. Emerson had failed somewhat, and it was only now and then that I could see, even for an instant, the expression that I sought.”</text>
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                <text>   This oil portrait of Emerson was painted by Scottish engraver and artist David Scott (1806-1849) in 1848, during Emerson’s second visit abroad.  At the time, Emerson already had a following in Britain as well as in America.  Scott—an admirer of Emerson’s writings—met him at a dinner party.  Although the artist preferred classical and epic subjects to portraits, he was eager to paint Emerson and invited him to breakfast the following day.&#13;
&#13;
   Emerson sat several times for Scott at his studio on the outskirts of Edinburgh.  He described Scott as “a sort of Bronson Alcott with easel and brushes, a sincere great man, grave, silent, contemplative, and plain.”  Scott found Emerson as a sitter not quite what he had anticipated.  He thought Emerson’s appearance “severe, and dry, and hard,” that Emerson was “guarded and cold” at times.  It was in conversation, Scott discovered, that the personality of the man—his simplicity, directness, kindness, and truthfulness—expressed itself.  &#13;
&#13;
   Scott depicted Emerson in the lecture stance, in the act of communication.  He included one of Emerson’s characteristic physical traits—the clenching of one hand into a fist while lecturing.  Scott also employed symbolism to convey something of Emerson’s philosophy.  He suggested Transcendental optimism through the rainbow in the upper left corner of the painting.&#13;
&#13;
   Emerson’s son Edward did not particularly like the Scott portrait of his father.  But, as his comments in The Centenary of the Birth of Ralph Waldo Emerson (1903) reveal, he responded to the symbol of the rainbow: “ … in the pictures of the good men and women who have been canonized, they are represented with some emblem,—a book or a wheel or a cross or a sword, as an attribute.  David Scott, the Edinburgh painter, has this one merit in that wooden picture that he made of my father, in that he recognized that my father stood for Hope, and he put the rainbow in the background—the symbol of hope.”&#13;
&#13;
   David Scott died at forty-three, the year after he painted this portrait.  Twenty years later, Scott’s brother William sent the piece to the United States to sell it.  The painting received a mixed response here.  Some close to Emerson—Lidian and Bronson Alcott, for example—thought it a good likeness.  Others didn’t care for its darkness and for the stiffness of the figure.  Emerson declined to buy it, as did Harvard.&#13;
&#13;
   Finally, the founding of the Concord Free Public Library provided the motivation for Judge Hoar, his sister Elizabeth, and Reuben Rice to purchase it as a gift in recognition of Emerson’s importance to the library and to the community of Concord.</text>
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                <text>n April, 1882, a frail and forgetful Emerson attended the funeral of his old friend Longfellow, remembering neither the man nor, after the event, the ceremonies.  Over the following week, a cold that he had recently caught walking coatless in the rain developed into pneumonia.  Surrounded by family and friends in his last days, Emerson died on April 27th, a little before 9:00 P.M., one month before his seventy-ninth birthday.  At his death, the First Parish bell broke the night silence seventy-nine times. &#13;
&#13;
   The Emerson family and the people of Concord planned a funeral in keeping with  Emerson’s national and local importance.  Judge Hoar brought First Parish organist Thomas Whitney Surette to the Emerson house to choose hymns for the April 30th church service.  Daniel Chester French—who had enjoyed Emerson’s endorsement in obtaining the commission for his Minute Man statue and who in 1879 had sculpted a bust of Emerson—draped the body in a white robe, dramatic in contrast with the dark wood of the black walnut coffin.&#13;
&#13;
   The women of Concord made black and white rosettes to decorate houses that people would see on the way from the depot and along the route of the funeral procession.  Public buildings were hung with black drapery.  The Fitchburg Railroad arranged special trains to bring the anticipated throng of mourners to Concord.  The floors and galleries of the First Parish were reinforced to support the weight of the numbers expected.&#13;
&#13;
   Both private and public services were held on April 30th.  The private service at Bush, conducted by William Henry Furness, began at 2:30.  At its conclusion, a hearse carried the coffin to the First Parish, accompanied by pallbearers, members of the Social Circle, and carriages bearing family members.&#13;
&#13;
   The First Parish was decorated with pine and hemlock branches and a variety of flowers.  Louisa May Alcott—who had idolized Emerson—had prepared a lyre of jonquils.  The service, conducted by James Freeman Clarke, began at 3:30.  Judge Hoar spoke emotionally.  Bronson Alcott read a poem he had written for the occasion.  At the conclusion of the ceremony, some of those waiting outside were allowed to enter and file past the coffin.&#13;
&#13;
   The body was transported to Sleepy Hollow.  Samuel Moody Haskins—Emerson’s cousin—conducted the Episcopal burial service.  The Emerson grandchildren and the schoolchildren of Concord dropped flowers and greenery into the grave.  Before the mourners dispersed, the sun broke through the clouds that had threatened rain all day.&#13;
&#13;
   Later, the Emerson family marked the grave with a large piece of rough-hewn rose quartz bearing a bronze plaque inscribed with lines from Emerson’s poem “The Problem.”&#13;
&#13;
   National press coverage of Emerson’s death and funeral was intense.  As significant as his passing was to the nation, however, Concord felt the loss in a way no other place could.  Much of the May 4, 1882 issue of the Concord Freeman was devoted to Emerson and to events connected with his death and burial.  “Concord’s Irreparable Loss,” a front-page article, expressed the town’s particular claim to grief: “Here, for half a century, he walked up and down among the people, grandly, yet humbly; thinking and living at times in a realm far above and beyond the people, yet like all truly great men, in sympathy with his surroundings, and interested in the commonest … events … [H]e whom many of the great and good from every clime who came to our shores were glad to meet and visit in his unpretentious home, he who never sought, but always received flattering consideration from the world’s intellectually and spiritually distinguished, loved this village and this people ... ”</text>
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&#13;
   The town mobilized quickly.  The First Parish bell alerted the Fire Department.  Sam Staples prevented Lidian from going upstairs to rescue her daughter Ellen’s possessions (Ellen was not at home at the time), but firefighters and villagers managed to haul a great deal from the burning house.  Ellen’s piano was removed to the nearby Staples home.  Food, clothing, and furniture were saved, as were Emerson’s manuscripts (some gathered up by Louisa May Alcott and her sister May) and most of his books.  Unfortunately, family papers stored in the attic, where the fire had started, were destroyed, and the house itself was badly damaged.&#13;
&#13;
   The manuscript records of Concord’s Engine Company No. 1 offer no explanation as to how the blaze started.  In annotating his father’s July 24th journal entry about the fire (consisting of the two words “House burned”), Edward Emerson stated that it was “almost surely” started by the kerosene lamp of a newly hired domestic “prowling” in the attic at night.  The July 25th issue of the Boston Daily Advertiser suggested another possible cause: “It is supposed that the fire originated in a defective flue, that it caught on Tuesday morning and had been smouldering ever since.”&#13;
&#13;
   Despite equipment problems (specifically, a shortage of functioning hose), Concord firemen had taken significant risks to save what they could of the Emersons’ effects.  The family appreciated what they had done.  Emerson wrote a letter to the Fire Department on July 29th to express his thanks for “the able, hearty, and in great part successful exertion in our behalf, in resisting and extinguishing the fire, which threatened to destroy my house on Wednesday morning last.”  Lidian, too, was grateful for the kindness shown them by their fellow Concordians.  She wrote to a friend, “We have received such warm expressions of kindness from our friends, and have witnessed such disinterested action and brave daring in our town’s people, that we feel … as if Concord was a large family of personal friends and well-wishers.”&#13;
&#13;
   After the fire was put out, the Emersons were taken to the Monument Street home of Judge John Shepard Keyes, who invited them to remain for an extended period.  They turned down the invitation and accepted that of Emerson’s kinswoman Elizabeth Ripley, who lived at the Manse.&#13;
&#13;
   Judge Hoar obtained space in the Court House for Emerson’s books and papers, so that the dispirited man might continue to write.  Francis Cabot Lowell, one of Emerson’s Harvard classmates, personally delivered a $5,000 check (the gift of himself and several other friends) to offset expenses incurred by the fire.  Soon after, Judge Hoar presented Emerson with a gift of more than twice the amount of the first, collected from friends to fund a trip to Egypt.  In October, with Ellen as companion, Emerson sailed for England.  He visited London, Paris, Florence, Rome, and Egypt, saw his old friend Thomas Carlyle for the final time, and met John Ruskin and Robert Browning.&#13;
&#13;
   Back in Concord, John Shepard Keyes supervised repairs to Bush.  In the spring of 1873, Lidian Emerson and daughter Edith Forbes threw themselves into redecorating and furnishing the house in time for Emerson’s return.&#13;
&#13;
   Emerson and Ellen sailed home on the Olympus, arriving in Boston late in May.  Concord had planned a surprise welcome for them.  On Tuesday, May 27th, detained by ruse on the ship until the town was ready to receive them, they took the 2:30 Fitchburg train.  Emerson was deeply moved and more than a little confused when he stepped off the train at the Concord Depot and encountered a cheering crowd and ringing bells.  A band had been hired, and a welcoming arch built by the gate of Bush.  A procession of citizens and schoolchildren escorted four carriages—the final one bearing Emerson, Ellen, and the Forbeses—to the house, where Lidian waited.  On their arrival, the accompanying children sang “Home Sweet Home.” &#13;
&#13;
   The town could hardly have shown its affection in a more emotional way.&#13;
&#13;
   According to Edward Emerson, his father addressed the crowd at the gate of his home with the words, “My friends!  I know that this is not a tribute to an old man and his daughter returned to their house, but to the common blood of us all—one family—in Concord!”</text>
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                <text>“My dear Edie,&#13;
&#13;
   Your little letter &amp; flower &amp; some drawings your mother sent me made me very glad about you, &amp; I am making ready as fast as I can to finish my visit and come home and find you again.&#13;
&#13;
   I shall have a great many stories to tell you about little boys &amp; girls in England and in France; and you will have a hundred things to tell me, now that you have learned to read, &amp; can choose books &amp; stories for yourself.  I am delighted to hear that you take such good care of Eddy, &amp; tell him what is in your books, &amp; teach him verses to say.  I long to hear him say them; &amp; you must not let him forget them.  A few days ago, there were fifty hundred children, all in the uniforms of their different schools, met in the great church of St. Paul’s, and they sung hymns together, &amp; people say, they sung well.  I was very sorry I could not go to hear them.  But I should not have liked it better than I like “Now condescend,” and so forth, when sung by three little people whom I know.  I hope they will sing it for me &amp; Mother together again in five or six weeks.&#13;
&#13;
   So goodbye for today!&#13;
&#13;
Papa.” &#13;
—RWE to Edith Emerson, from London, June 23, 1848  &#13;
 &#13;
&#13;
“Edith, who until now has been quite superior to all learning, has been smitten with ambition at Miss Whiting’s school and cannot be satisfied with spelling.  She spells at night on my knees with fury &amp; will not give over; asks new words like conundrums with nervous restlessness and, as Miss W. tells me, ‘will not spell at school for fear she shall miss.’&#13;
&#13;
   Poor Edie struggled hard to get the white card called an ‘approbation’ which was given  out on Saturdays but one week she lost it by dropping out of a book on her way home her week’s card on which her marks were recorded.  This she tried hard to get safe home but she had no pocket so she put it in her book as the safest place.  When half way home she looked in her book &amp; it was there; but when she arrived at home it was gone.  The next week she tried again to keep a clean bill but Henry Frost pointed his jack-knife at her; Edie said, ‘Don’t!’ &amp; lost her ‘approbation’ again.”—RWE, journal, October, 1848&#13;
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="18437">
                <text>Amelia Forbes Emerson</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="18438">
                <text>Concord Free Public Library</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="18439">
                <text>Undated</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="18440">
                <text>All materials courtesy of the William Munroe Special Collections at the Concord Free Public Library</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="5">
        <name>Concord</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="54">
        <name>Edith Emerson</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="6">
        <name>Emerson</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
